Contracts of employment – the duty of fidelity
The High Court has partially upheld an application for summary judgment against a senior employee who tried to transplant his employer’s business to a competitor. His plan included taking over the employer’s premises, incorporating a company with a similar name and facilitating the recruitment by the competitor of a substantial section of the employer’s workforce. Despite the absence of any post-termination restrictive covenants, or any express terms regarding confidential information, the court found that the employee had broken his implied duty of fidelity.
This case shows how useful implied terms can be in protecting an employer’s business, especially where employees are engaged in competitive activity during their employment. However, protecting a business from similar activity after employment ends is much harder to achieve without express terms.
The duty of fidelity
Every employment contract contains an implied term that an employee will serve their employer with good faith and fidelity (the duty of fidelity). The duty of fidelity is owed by all employees and is to be distinguished from a fiduciary duty.
A fiduciary duty requires an employee to act in the interests of their employer, whereas the duty of fidelity merely requires an employee to have regard to their employer’s interests. It does not require the employee to subjugate their interests to those of the employer.
A number of potential aspects of the duty of fidelity have been identified in case law, including:
Confidential information includes information which an employee is told is confidential or which, from its character, is obviously confidential. After employment has ended, the implied duty of confidentiality survives but only to the extent that it protects trade secrets. Other confidential information can only be protected by means of an express term.
A duty not to entice employees. An employee must not, while still employed, entice fellow employees to leave employment (usually so as to work in competition with the employer). However, acts which are merely preparatory may not constitute a breach. This duty does not apply after employment, but it is common for contracts to contain express terms seeking to restrict former employees from enticing existing employees.